【终极转载】美国计算机历史博物馆展览-大型计算机之2第一台大型机
NEAC 2203 Computer – CPU, console and tape drive
The NEAC 2203, an early transistorized computer, was multi-lingual in several respects: both fixed-point and floating point; and both Roman and Japanese characters. It managed Japan's first on-line, real-time reservation system for Kinki Nippon Railways in 1960.
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NEAC 2203计算机 - CPU，控制台和磁带机
NEAC 2203是一种早期的晶体管计算机，在几个方面是多语言的：定点和浮点; 以及罗马和日本人物。它在1960年为近畿日本铁路管理了日本首个在线实时预订系统。
The First Mainframes
Big businesses with big needs required big computers. Economies of scale also favored large, consolidated computer systems.
This demand for big computers, just when “second generation” transistor-based computers were replacing vacuum-tube machines in the late 1950s, spurred developments in hardware and software. Manufacturers commonly built small numbers of each model, targeting narrowly defined markets.
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第一台大型机
需求巨大的大企业需要大型计算机。规模经济也有利于大型综合计算机系统。
这种对大型计算机的需求，正是在20世纪50年代后期“第二代”晶体管计算机取代真空管机时，刺激了硬件和软件的发展。制造商通常建立少量的每种型号，针对狭义的市场。
RCA 501 computer brochure
This early transistorized computer could simultaneously control 63 tape drives. For many business users, quick access to huge data stores outweighed its relatively slow processing.
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RCA 501电脑手册
这种早期的晶体管计算机可以同时控制63个磁带机。对于许多企业用户而言，快速访问大型数据存储的速度超过了其相对较慢的处理速度。
Assembly of IBM 1401 computers
The IBM 1401 was very successful; over 12,000 were sold. Like all early computers, however, 1401s were very labor-intensive to build, with little automation.
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IBM 1401计算机的组装
IBM 1401非常成功; 售出超过12,000件。然而，与所有早期的计算机一样，1401s的构建非常耗费人力，而且自动化程度很低。
Why are they called “Mainframes”?
Nobody knows for sure. There was no mainframe “inventor” who coined the term.
Probably “main frame” originally referred to the frames (designed for telephone switches) holding processor circuits and main memory, separate from racks or cabinets holding other components. Over time, main frame became mainframe and came to mean “big computer.”
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为什么他们被称为“大型机”？
没有人确切知道。没有大型机“发明家”创造了这个词。
可能“主框架”最初指的是保持处理器电路和主存储器的框架（设计用于电话交换机），与固定其他部件的机架或机柜分开。随着时间的推移，主框架变成了主机，并且意味着“大电脑”。
Cartoon diagram of a typical mainframe job
This cartoon from an early computing publication shows the steps required in a typical batch-processed job on a punched-card based computer system. This was typical of much computing from the 1950s until well into the 1970s.
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一个典型的主机工作的动画片图
来自早期计算出版物的该漫画显示了基于穿孔卡的计算机系统上的典型批处理作业所需的步骤。这是20世纪50年代直到20世纪70年代的大量计算。
IBM 7094 Computer – console
The 7094 was a popular and powerful scientific computer of the early 1960s. NASA used it to control Mercury and Gemini space flights. The US Air Force retired its last 7094 from the Ballistic Missile Early Warning System in the 1980s.
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IBM 7094计算机 - 控制台
7094是20世纪60年代早期流行且强大的科学计算机。美国宇航局用它来控制水星和双子座太空飞行。20世纪80年代，美国空军从弹道导弹预警系统退役了7094年。
New Machines, New Techniques
One key formula didn’t need a computer: More hardware meant more dollars. So computer designers explored ways to increase capabilities without adding to the cost.
Various innovations let computers grow more powerful without growing proportionally bigger. Virtual memory used relatively inexpensive system storage to replicate costlier main memory. Microprogramming employed software with simple hardware to execute commands that otherwise needed complex hardware.
Other techniques included pipelining, overlapping the execution of instructions that required several processing cycles, and spooling, moving data to temporary storage for use by another program.
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新机器，新技术
一个关键的公式不需要计算机：更多的硬件意味着更多的美元。因此，计算机设计人员探索了增加功能的方法，而不会增加成本。
各种创新使计算机变得更强大而不会成比例地增长。虚拟内存使用相对便宜的系统存储来复制昂贵的主存储器。微程序使用具有简单硬件的软件来执行否则需要复杂硬件的命令。
其他技术包括流水线操作，重叠执行需要多个处理周期的指令，以及假脱机，将数据移动到临时存储以供其他程序使用。
Atlas Computer, (partial view)
The Atlas computers were the world’s most powerful in their day and Chilton had the biggest of the three built. Atlas pioneered virtual memory, timesharing, pipelining and many other concepts adopted later by other systems.
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Atlas Computer，（局部视图）
Atlas计算机是当时世界上最强大的计算机，而Chilton拥有三台中最大的计算机。Atlas率先推出了虚拟内存，分时，流水线以及其他系统后来采用的许多其他概念。
Tom Kilburn and Atlas console
Trailblazing computer designer Tom Kilburn is on hand at the shutdown of the University of Manchester Atlas in 1971.
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Tom Kilburn和Atlas控制台
开拓性的计算机设计师Tom Kilburn于1971年关闭了曼彻斯特大学阿特拉斯分校。
Building the ORACLE computer CPU
Engineers test a small part of the arithmetic unit of the ORACLE computer. Hand built in standard racks, ORACLE was the world’s fastest computer in 1953. The complete machine filled several rooms.
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构建ORACLE计算机CPU
工程师测试ORACLE计算机的一小部分算术单元。手掌内置标准机架，ORACLE是1953年世界上最快的电脑。整机装满了几个房间。
Philco Transac S-2000 computer brochure
Philco began in 1906 making electric car batteries as the “Philadelphia Storage Battery Company." Its Transac was among the earliest transistorized computers, but the company’s computer division did not survive. Ford bought Philco in 1961.
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Philco Transac S-2000电脑手册
Philco于1906年开始生产电动汽车电池作为“费城蓄电池公司”。其Transac是最早的晶体管计算机之一，但该公司的计算机部门无法生存。福特于1961年收购了Philco。
Burroughs B 5500 computer brochure
The Burroughs 5000-series machines featured innovative and fully integrated hardware and software design. Their operating system was written in the high-level language ALGOL, not in machine or assembly language.
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Burroughs B 5500电脑手册
Burroughs 5000系列机器采用创新且完全集成的硬件和软件设计。他们的操作系统是用高级语言ALGOL编写的，而不是用机器语言或汇编语言编写的。
A reflection on life with computers
As the public increasingly became aware of business and government’s growing reliance on computers in the late 1950s, some wondered whether organizations were more interested in people’s data than in people themselves.
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用计算机反思生活
随着公众越来越意识到企业和政府在20世纪50年代后期越来越依赖计算机，一些人想知道组织是否对人们的数据比对人本身更感兴趣。
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