【终极转载】美国计算机历史博物馆展览-大型计算机之10分享的美德
Children using timesharing terminals
The BASIC computer language was designed for programming beginners.
有道翻译
儿童使用分时终端
BASIC计算机语言专为编程初学者而设计。
The Virtues of Sharing
Big companies could afford big mainframes. But what about users with aspirations bigger than their budgets?
Users who can’t individually buy a mainframe can share one. Because most tasks are small, and computers work faster than users can respond, the machine can juggle many jobs—giving users the illusion of having the computer’s undivided attention and providing seemingly real-time access.
有道翻译
分享的美德
大公司可以买得起大型机。但是那些愿望比预算更大的用户呢？
无法单独购买大型机的用户可以共享一个。由于大多数任务都很小，而且计算机的工作速度比用户可以响应的速度快，因此计算机可以兼顾许多工作 - 让用户感觉到计算机的全神贯注并提供看似实时的访问。
Radcliffe students using a dormitory timesharing terminal
有道翻译
拉德克利夫学生使用宿舍分时终端
CompuServe Pajama Party advertisement
CompuServe began with commercial timesharing in 1969. Some employees objected to introducing “dumbed-down” home-user services starting around 1979, but that became a major CompuServe market.
有道翻译
CompuServe睡衣派对广告
CompuServe于1969年开始商业分时。一些员工反对在1979年左右开始推出“愚蠢”的家庭用户服务，但这成为了一个主要的CompuServe市场。
The Origin of Timesharing
MIT unveiled its Compatible Time-Sharing System (CTSS) in 1961. Initiated by AI pioneer John McCarthy, it operated until 1973 and may have been the first timesharing system available to a large community. It also laid the groundwork for MIT’s Project MAC.
Launched in 1963 with Defense Department support, Project MAC envisioned timesharing available to anyone, anywhere—like telephone or electrical utilities. Project MAC later joined with GE and Bell Labs to develop a prototype commercial timesharing utility called Multics.
By 1985, about 80 Multics systems operated. Several remained in use until 2000. Video (Animation): Animation excerpt from vintage video explaining timesharing concept.
有道翻译
分时度假的起源
麻省理工学院于1961年推出了兼容的分时系统（CTSS）。由AI先驱约翰麦卡锡发起，它运作到1973年，可能是大型社区的第一个分时系统。它还为麻省理工学院的MAC项目奠定了基础。
MAC项目于1963年启动，由国防部提供支持，设想分时度假可供任何人随时随地使用，如电话或电力设施。项目MAC后来与GE和贝尔实验室合作开发了一个名为Multics的原型商业分时工具。
到1985年，大约有80个Multics系统运行。其中几个一直在使用，直到2000年。视频（动画）：动画摘录从老式视频解释分时概念。
GE 235 computer brochure
Dartmouth created the Dartmouth Time Sharing System (DTSS) in 1963. GE provided the hardware: a 235 mainframe linked to users through a smaller GE Datanet 30 computer.
有道翻译
GE 235计算机手册
Dartmouth于1963年创建了达特茅斯时间共享系统（DTSS）.GE提供了硬件：通过较小的GE Datanet 30计算机连接到用户的235大型机。
IBM internal newsletter
By 1965, IBM saw that timesharing using its competitors’ computers was becoming popular. The company rushed to enter the timesharing market “next year.”
有道翻译
IBM内部通讯
到1965年，IBM发现使用其竞争对手的计算机的分时交易正变得越来越流行。该公司在“明年”赶紧进入分时市场。
Basic Timesharing
“Be easy for beginners to use.” That was the first of eight design principles behind the Dartmouth Time-Sharing System (DTSS) unveiled in 1963.
Created for both savvy users and non-techies, DTSS used the BASIC programming language, which later was widely available on varied computers, from “game-playing” microcomputers to mainframes.
有道翻译
基本分时度假
“初学者很容易使用。”这是1963年推出的达特茅斯分时系统（DTSS）背后的八项设计原则中的第一项。
DTSS专为精明的用户和非技术人员而设计，使用BASIC编程语言，后来在各种计算机上广泛使用，从“游戏”微型计算机到大型机。
John G. Kemeny and Thomas E. Kurtz.
BASIC is one of the earliest programming languages designed for beginners. First used in the 1960s, it enjoyed a resurgence in the early personal computer era of the 1970s and 80s. Modern “dialects,” such as Visual Basic, are still used by professional programmers for some applications.
有道翻译
John G. Kemeny和Thomas E. Kurtz。
BASIC是为初学者设计的最早的编程语言之一。它首先在20世纪60年代使用，它在20世纪70年代和80年代的早期个人电脑时代重新抬头。现代“方言”，如Visual Basic，仍然被专业程序员用于某些应用程序。
Dartmouth students working with BASIC
有道翻译
达特茅斯学生与BASIC合作
General Electric timesharing at Dartmouth advertisement
By 1968, Dartmouth timesharing was running on its second generation of GE computers. GE got an early start in timesharing because IBM declined to support the initial development of Dartmouth’s system.
有道翻译
通用电气分时达特茅斯广告
到1968年，达特茅斯分时计算器正在运行其第二代GE计算机。通用电气在分时度假中起步较早，因为IBM拒绝支持达特茅斯系统的初步开发。
BASIC textbook, "Now YOU Can Program …"
GE promoted Dartmouth’s BASIC programming language to help sell its computers.
有道翻译
BASIC教科书，“现在你可以编程...”
GE推出了Dartmouth的BASIC编程语言来帮助销售其计算机。
Datapoint 3300 video terminal
In the late 1960s, video terminals with on-screen editing capability began to replace electromechanical terminals for timesharing systems.
有道翻译
Datapoint 3300视频终端
在20世纪60年代后期，具有屏幕编辑功能的视频终端开始取代分时系统的机电终端。
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